• Rubber elasticity theory matured from simple entropic models toward network-based descriptions that include crosslink density and finite chain extensibility; non-Gaussian corrections and energy–entropy interplay emerged as central descriptors of stress–strain response across large extensions. [2], [3], [18], [20], [6]

• Fracture and damage mechanics in polymers and rubbers were analyzed via energy criteria, surface energy, tearing energy, and crack-growth observations, revealing environmental, loading, and filler effects on initiation, propagation, and strength loss. [8], [12], [16], [15], [14]

• Mullins effect and filler interactions dominated nonlinear softening in elastomers; studies linked filler type, surface area, and polymer–filler bonds to modulus changes, hysteresis, and damage under cyclic loading. [13], [4]

• Time–temperature–strain dependencies shaped viscoelastic descriptions, with stress relaxation expressed via time-dependent moduli, reduced-variable frameworks, and temperature effects capturing rate- and aging-dependent performance of SBR and natural rubber. [1], [17], [11]